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Processes Reported
Rain (Precipitation)
1. Definition
Rain is the precipitation of water in the form of small droplets of diameter greater than 0.5mm.
2. Video Reference
3. Explanation
The video tends to capture the precipitation taking place in the form of rain. The intensity of the falling drops is considerably high. This can be realized from the water collected in the ground. The size of the drops is fairly greater than 0.5 mm as it can be clearly seen even in the video. So, the video corresponds to the event of rain.
Stemflow
1. Definition
Stemflow is the flow of intercepted water along the stem of the intercepting tree, plant etc. towards the ground surface.
2. Photo Reference
1. Definition
Stemflow is the flow of intercepted water along the stem of the intercepting tree, plant etc. towards the ground surface.
2. Photo Reference
3. Explanation
In stemflow, water intercepted on the leaves, branches etc. slowly comes down from the surface of tree trunk to the ground. Such process can start happening simultaneously with the precipitation event or sometimes later if the precipitation event is less intense. The picture demonstrated represents the stemflow event in a tree near the Utah Water Research Laboratory during the rainfall event that took place in the morning of 3rd February 2021. The tiny water droplets at the tip of leaves and the underneath of branches provide evidence to the rainfall event. On the trunk of the tree we can see marks that represent the flow of rain water along the tree trunk. Hence, the picture shown above advocates for stemflow.
Overbank Flow
1. Definition
Overbank flow occurs when the flow in the channel exceeds the bankfull condition and the water flows across the bank into the nearby flood plains and channels.
2. Photo Reference
1. Definition
Overbank flow occurs when the flow in the channel exceeds the bankfull condition and the water flows across the bank into the nearby flood plains and channels.
2. Photo Reference
3. Explanation
The picture shows a overbank flow condition in a river. Due to excessive monsoon precipitation discharge in the river exceeded the bankfull capacity and the surrounding flood plains were completely inundated. The water level almost touches the road on the left bank as well as a few houses on the bank.
The picture shows a overbank flow condition in a river. Due to excessive monsoon precipitation discharge in the river exceeded the bankfull capacity and the surrounding flood plains were completely inundated. The water level almost touches the road on the left bank as well as a few houses on the bank.
Drizzle
1. Definition
Drizzle is a form of precipitation in the form of small droplets of water which are smaller (generally smaller than 0.5mm) than the size of droplet during rain.
2. Video Reference
1. Definition
Drizzle is a form of precipitation in the form of small droplets of water which are smaller (generally smaller than 0.5mm) than the size of droplet during rain.
2. Video Reference
3. Explanation
The video shows the occurrance of a small drizzle somewhere in Salt Lake City on February 12th, 2021. The drizzle has very small droplets which is the reason they are not clearly visible in the air. However, when they fall in the stagnant pool of water, they can be easily realised.
The video shows the occurrance of a small drizzle somewhere in Salt Lake City on February 12th, 2021. The drizzle has very small droplets which is the reason they are not clearly visible in the air. However, when they fall in the stagnant pool of water, they can be easily realised.
Sublimation
1. Definition
Sublimation is a process in which a substance goes directly into a gaseous phase from its solid phase without converting into the liquid stage.
2. Photo Reference
1. Definition
Sublimation is a process in which a substance goes directly into a gaseous phase from its solid phase without converting into the liquid stage.
2. Photo Reference
3. Explanation
Toilet freshners are a good example of the substance that exhibits sublimation. When you keep a toilet freshner exposed to the atmosphere for some days, it converts directly into the gaseous phase. A large piece of the freshner converts into a small chunk due to this process. This can be seen from the two images above.
Toilet freshners are a good example of the substance that exhibits sublimation. When you keep a toilet freshner exposed to the atmosphere for some days, it converts directly into the gaseous phase. A large piece of the freshner converts into a small chunk due to this process. This can be seen from the two images above.
Condensation
1. Definition
Condensation is the process by which a matter in its gaseous phase converts into its liquid phase.
2. Photo/Video Reference
1. Definition
Condensation is the process by which a matter in its gaseous phase converts into its liquid phase.
2. Photo/Video Reference
3. Explanation
The video shows process of condensation in which the water vapour condenses on the lid of the container. Water escapes the container in the form of vapour. When it touches the lid, it loses its heat and condenses back to the liquid water.
The video shows process of condensation in which the water vapour condenses on the lid of the container. Water escapes the container in the form of vapour. When it touches the lid, it loses its heat and condenses back to the liquid water.
Bankfull Flow
1. Definition
When the water flows in the channel in such a way that it accommodates the maximum discharge without spilling it across the banks into the flood plain is called bankfull discharge.
2. Photo Reference
1. Definition
When the water flows in the channel in such a way that it accommodates the maximum discharge without spilling it across the banks into the flood plain is called bankfull discharge.
2. Photo Reference
3. Explanation
The above figure shows the bankfull flow in a river during a rainfall event. If we look at the left bank of the river, we can realise that water will spill out of the bank if discharge in the river increases further.
The above figure shows the bankfull flow in a river during a rainfall event. If we look at the left bank of the river, we can realise that water will spill out of the bank if discharge in the river increases further.
Snow Accumulation
1. Definition
Snow accumulation is the process in which the precipitation in the form of snow builds up to some thickness over the duration of snowfall.
2. Photo Reference
1. Definition
Snow accumulation is the process in which the precipitation in the form of snow builds up to some thickness over the duration of snowfall.
2. Photo Reference
3. Explanation
The above pictures show snow accumulation at various places of Logan. The snow accumulation has occured to different depths. For similar time events, a high intensity snowfall has larger depth of snow accumulation.
The above pictures show snow accumulation at various places of Logan. The snow accumulation has occured to different depths. For similar time events, a high intensity snowfall has larger depth of snow accumulation.
Sheet Flow
1. Definition
It is the process by which water flows in the form of a thin continuous film/layer on a relatively smooth surface and doesn't exhibit a distinct channel.
2. Video Reference
1. Definition
It is the process by which water flows in the form of a thin continuous film/layer on a relatively smooth surface and doesn't exhibit a distinct channel.
2. Video Reference
3. Explanation
The above video shows a phenomenon analogous to sheet flow. Water flows over a wider surface in a very thin film/layer. The constant gradient of the bed makes the film look like a continuous film of water.
The above video shows a phenomenon analogous to sheet flow. Water flows over a wider surface in a very thin film/layer. The constant gradient of the bed makes the film look like a continuous film of water.
Through Flow
1. Definition
It is the underground horizontal flow of water through a relatively porous layer of soil.
2. Video Reference
1. Definition
It is the underground horizontal flow of water through a relatively porous layer of soil.
2. Video Reference
3. Explanation
The above video shows the flow which is analogous to the through flow. First the water infiltrates into the sand/gravel bed and gets saturated at some point. Then starts to flow in the horizontal direction which is also called through flow.
The above video shows the flow which is analogous to the through flow. First the water infiltrates into the sand/gravel bed and gets saturated at some point. Then starts to flow in the horizontal direction which is also called through flow.
Infiltration
1. Definition
Infiltration is the process by which the water enters the ground from the surface.
2. Video Reference
1. Definition
Infiltration is the process by which the water enters the ground from the surface.
2. Video Reference
3. Explanation
In the starting of the video, we can see that the water strikes the sand/gravel surface. As it is very porous, we can clearly see water passing from the surface into the sand/gravel bed layer. This is called infiltration.
In the starting of the video, we can see that the water strikes the sand/gravel surface. As it is very porous, we can clearly see water passing from the surface into the sand/gravel bed layer. This is called infiltration.
Snow Precipitation
1. Definition
It is the precipitation of water in the form of frozen ice crystals having density less than the liquid water.
2. Video Reference
1. Definition
It is the precipitation of water in the form of frozen ice crystals having density less than the liquid water.
2. Video Reference
3. Explanation
The video clearly depicts an event of snow precipitation. The white flake structures falling from the sky is the snow.
The video clearly depicts an event of snow precipitation. The white flake structures falling from the sky is the snow.
Interception
1. Definition
Interception is the process by which some of the precipitate such as rain/snow is trapped in the canopy preventing it from falling directly into the ground.
2. Photo Reference
1. Definition
Interception is the process by which some of the precipitate such as rain/snow is trapped in the canopy preventing it from falling directly into the ground.
2. Photo Reference
3. Explanation
The picture shows the rainfall drops being intercepted by the leaves and branches of the tree. Such intercepted water may later fall into the ground or return to the atmosphere by evaporation.
The picture shows the rainfall drops being intercepted by the leaves and branches of the tree. Such intercepted water may later fall into the ground or return to the atmosphere by evaporation.
Snow Throughfall
1. Definition
Snow throughfall is the process in which the snow penetrates through the canopy and reaches the ground surface.
2. Video Reference
1. Definition
Snow throughfall is the process in which the snow penetrates through the canopy and reaches the ground surface.
2. Video Reference
3. Explanation
In the video it can be seen that some of the snow penetrates the leaves and branches of the tree and reaches the ground surface.
In the video it can be seen that some of the snow penetrates the leaves and branches of the tree and reaches the ground surface.
Evaporation
1. Definition
Evaporation is the process by which a liquid converts from its liquid state to the gaseous/vapour state.
2. Video Reference
1. Definition
Evaporation is the process by which a liquid converts from its liquid state to the gaseous/vapour state.
2. Video Reference
3. Explanation
The video shows the evaporation of water. The water is being heated in a container and at some point water converts from liquid to the gaseous phase and escapes into the atmosphere.
The video shows the evaporation of water. The water is being heated in a container and at some point water converts from liquid to the gaseous phase and escapes into the atmosphere.
Percolation
1. Definition
Percolation is the process by which a liquid moves through a porous medium. For instance, when water gets infiltrated into the soil it travels further deep into the soil layer by means of percolation.
2. Video Reference
1. Definition
Percolation is the process by which a liquid moves through a porous medium. For instance, when water gets infiltrated into the soil it travels further deep into the soil layer by means of percolation.
2. Video Reference
3. Explanation
In the video we can see that water gets infiltrated into the soil surface (gravel/sand bed). After that it moves further down through the porous layers of gravel/sand. This phenomenon is called percolation.
In the video we can see that water gets infiltrated into the soil surface (gravel/sand bed). After that it moves further down through the porous layers of gravel/sand. This phenomenon is called percolation.